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Journal of Fluids Engineering | Volume 128 | Issue 6 | TECHNICAL PAPERS
TECHNICAL PAPERS

Computational Analysis of a Inverted Double-Element Airfoil in Ground Effect

[+] Author and Article Information
Stephen Mahon, Xin Zhang

Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences,  University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

J. Fluids Eng 128(6), 1172-1180 (Apr 09, 2006) (9 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2353268 History: Received April 13, 2005; Revised April 09, 2006
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The flow around an inverted double-element airfoil in ground effect was studied numerically, by solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The predictive capabilities of six turbulence models with regards to the surface pressures, wake flow field, and sectional forces were quantified. The realizable k−ε model was found to offer improved predictions of the surface pressures and wake flow field. A number of ride heights were investigated, covering various force regions. The surface pressures, sectional forces, and wake flow field were all modeled accurately and offered improvements over previous numerical investigations. The sectional forces indicated that the main element generated the majority of the downforce, whereas the flap generated the majority of the drag. The near field and far field wake development was investigated and suggestions concerning reduction of the wake thickness were offered. The main element wake was found to greatly contribute to the overall wake thickness with the contribution increasing as the ride height decreased.
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Copyright © 2006 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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Grahic Jump Location
+Definition of the terms and coordinate system
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Definition of the terms and coordinate system
Figure 1

Definition of the terms and coordinate system

Grahic Jump Location
+Computational domain (a) schematic, (b) near wall grid, and (c) off-surface domains
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Computational domain (a) schematic, (b) near wall grid, and (c) off-surface domains
Figure 2

Computational domain (a) schematic, (b) near wall grid, and (c) off-surface domains

Grahic Jump Location
+Effect of grid resolution (a) surface pressure distributions and (b) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066
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Effect of grid resolution (a) surface pressure distributions and (b) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066
Figure 3

Effect of grid resolution (a) surface pressure distributions and (b) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066

Grahic Jump Location
+Effects of turbulence models (a) surface pressures at h∕c=0.211, (b) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066 for h∕c=0.211, (c) surface pressures at h∕c=0.079, and (d) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066 for h∕c=0.079
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Effects of turbulence models (a) surface pressures at h∕c=0.211, (b) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066 for h∕c=0.211, (c) surface pressures at h∕c=0.079, and (d) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066 for h∕c=0.079
Figure 4

Effects of turbulence models (a) surface pressures at h∕c=0.211, (b) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066 for h∕c=0.211, (c) surface pressures at h∕c=0.079, and (d) wake profiles at x∕c=1.066 for h∕c=0.079

Grahic Jump Location
+Surface pressures at various ride heights (a) high ride heights (b) low ride heights; realizable k−ε
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Surface pressures at various ride heights (a) high ride heights (b) low ride heights; realizable k−ε
Figure 5

Surface pressures at various ride heights (a) high ride heights (b) low ride heights; realizable k−ε

Grahic Jump Location
+Sectional forces at various ride heights (a) total downforce (b) downforce due to the main element and flap
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Sectional forces at various ride heights (a) total downforce (b) downforce due to the main element and flap
Figure 6

Sectional forces at various ride heights (a) total downforce (b) downforce due to the main element and flap

Grahic Jump Location
+Contours of u∕U∞(a)h∕c=0.395(b)h∕c=0.079; realizable k−ε
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Contours of u∕U∞(a)h∕c=0.395(b)h∕c=0.079; realizable k−ε
Figure 7

Contours of u∕U∞(a)h∕c=0.395(b)h∕c=0.079; realizable k−ε

Grahic Jump Location
+Streamwise development of main element wake thickness at various ride heights; realizable k−ε
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Streamwise development of main element wake thickness at various ride heights; realizable k−ε
Figure 8

Streamwise development of main element wake thickness at various ride heights; realizable k−ε

Grahic Jump Location
+Wake profiles (a) various ride heights at x∕c=1.066(b) various streamwise locations at h∕c=0.105; realizable k−ε
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Wake profiles (a) various ride heights at x∕c=1.066(b) various streamwise locations at h∕c=0.105; realizable k−ε
Figure 9

Wake profiles (a) various ride heights at x∕c=1.066(b) various streamwise locations at h∕c=0.105; realizable k−ε

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