https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4531-6639
Abstract
Crash avoidance vehicle maneuvers are known to influence occupant posture and kinematics which consequently may influence injury risks in the event of a crash. In this work, a generic buck vehicle finite element (FE) model was developed which included the vehicle interior and the front passenger airbag (PAB). Seat position and occupant characteristics including anthropometry, sex, and age were varied in a design of experiments. Two pre-crash maneuvers representing (1) a generic 1 g braking and (2) turning-and-braking scenarios were simulated. Rigid-body human models with active joints (GHBMCsi-pre models) obtained by morphing a 50th male model to selected anthropometries were used in pre-crash simulations. The kinematics data of belted GHBMCsi-pre models at the end of the pre-crash phase were transferred using a developed switch algorithm to the corresponding morphed Global Human Body Model Consortium (GHBMC) occupant simplified (OS) models to predict occupant injury risks. Finally, an FMVSS-208 pulse was applied to simulate the in-crash phase. During both pre-crash maneuvers, the occupant's head and thorax moved forward toward the dashboard. Therefore, the head and thorax contacted the PAB earlier, leading to lower head accelerations when the pre-crash phase was considered. Overall, it was concluded that pre-crash braking decreased the severity of injury sustained by the passenger. Seat track position and seat recline angle showed the highest influence on the head injury criterion (HIC). The brain injury criterion (BrIC) and neck injury criterion (Nij) were most sensitive to pre-crash maneuver type, seat recline angle, and occupant size.
References
1.
Ejima
, S.
, Zama
, Y.
, and Ono
, K.
, 2009
, “Prediction of Pre‐Impact Occupant Kinematic Behavior Based on the Muscle Activity During Frontal Collision
,” Proceedings of the 21st ESV Conference
, Stuttgart, Germany, June 15–18, Paper No. 09
–0913
.https://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/ESV/Proceedings/21/09-0193.pdf2.
Stockman
, I.
, 2016
, “Safety for Children in Cars—Focus on Three Point Seatbelts in Emergency Events
,” Ph.D. thesis
, Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Sweden
.https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/241824/241824.pdf3.
Sohr
, S.
, Hofmann
, H.
, Kutschenreuter
, S.
, and Ruck
, H.
, 2007
, “Influence of HIII 5% Dummy Tolerances on Positioning and Test Results in Out-of-Position Load Cases According to the FMVSS 208
,” Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference (ESV
), Lyon, France, June 18–21, Paper No. 07-0340.https://trid.trb.org/View/13678744.
Carlsson
, S.
, and Davidsson
, J.
, 2011
, “Volunteer Occupant Kinematics During Driver Initiated and Autonomous Braking When Driving in Real Traffic Environments
,” Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference
, Krakow, Poland, Sept. 14–16, Paper No. IRC-11-43.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc0111/2011/Session4/43.pdf5.
Rooij
, L. V.
, 2011
, “Effect of Various Pre-Crash Braking Strategies on Simulated Human Kinematic Response With Varying Levels of Driver Attention
,” Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV
), Washington, DC
, June 13–16, Paper No. 11-0306.https://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/esv/22nd/files/22ESV-000306.pdf6.
Lebarbé
, M.
, Potier
, P.
, Baudrit
, P.
, Petit
, P.
, Trosseille
, X.
, and Vallancien
, G.
, 2005
, “Thoracic Injury Investigation Using PMHS in Frontal Airbag Out-of-Position Situations
,” Stapp Car Crash J.
, 49
, pp. 323
–342
.10.4271/2005-22-00157.
Bose
, D.
, Crandall
, J. R.
, Untaroiu
, C. D.
, and Maslen
, E. H.
, 2010
, “Influence of Pre‐Collision Occupant Parameters on Injury Outcome in a Frontal Collision
,” Accid. Anal. Prev.
, 42
(4
), pp. 1398
–1407
.10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.0048.
Antona
, J.
, Ejima
, S.
, and Zama
, Y.
, 2011
, “Influence of the Driver Conditions on the Injury Outcome in Front Impact Collisions
,” Int. J. Automot. Eng.
, 2
(2
), pp. 33
–38
.10.20485/jsaeijae.2.2_339.
Osth
, J.
, Brolin
, K.
, and Bråse
, D.
, 2015
, “A Human Body Model With Active Muscles for Simulation of Pretensioned Restraints in Autonomous Braking Interventions
,” Traffic Inj. Prev.
, 16
(3
), pp. 304
–313
.10.1080/15389588.2014.93194910.
Meijer
, R.
, Hassel
, E. V.
, Broos
, J.
, Elrofai
, H.
, Rooij
, L. V.
, and Hooijdonk
, P. V.
, 2012
, “Development of a Multi‐Body Human Model That Predicts Active and Passive Human Behaviour
,” Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference
, Dublin, Ireland, Sept. 12–14, Paper No. IRC-12-70.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc12/pdf_files/70.pdf11.
Ostmann
, M.
, and Jakobsson
, L.
, 2016
, “An Examination of Pre-Crash Braking Influence on Occupant Crash Response Using an Active Human Body Model
,” Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference
, Malaga, Spain, Sept. 14–16, Paper No. IRC-16-37.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc16/pdf-files/37.pdf12.
Matsuda
, T.
, Yamada
, K.
, Hayashi
, S.
, and Kitagawa
, Y.
, 2018
, “Simulation of Occupant Posture Changes Due to Evasive Manoeuvres and Injury Predictions in Vehicle Frontal and Side Collisions
,” Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference
, Athens, Greece, Sept. 12–14, Paper No. IRC-18-81.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc18/pdf-files/81.pdf13.
Ghosh
, P.
, Andersson
, M.
, Vazquez
, M. M.
, Svensson
, M.
, Mayer
, C.
, and Wismans
, J.
, 2015
, “A Proposal for Integrating Pre‐Crash Vehicle Dynamics Into Occupant Injury Protection Evaluation of Small Electric Vehicles
,” Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference
, Lyon, France, Sept. 9–11, Paper No. IRC-15-88.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc15/pdf_files/88.pdf14.
Martynenko
, O. V.
, Neininger
, F. T.
, and Schmitt
, S.
, 2019
, “Development of a Hybrid Muscle Controller for an Active Finite Element Human Body Model in LS-DYNA Capable of Occupant Kinematics Prediction in Frontal and Lateral Maneuvers
,” Proceedings of the 26th ESV Conference
, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, June 10–13, Paper No. 19-000215.https://trid.trb.org/View/175814215.
Öztürk
, A.
, Mayer
, C.
, Ghosh
, P.
, Mishra
, A.
, Chitteti
, R. K.
, and Fressmann
, D.
, 2019
, “A Step Towards Integrated Safety Simulation Through Pre-Crash to In-Crash Data Transfer
,” Proceedings of the 26th ESV Conference
, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, June 10–13, Paper No. 19-0257.https://trid.trb.org/View/175888816.
Reed
, M. P.
, Ebert
, S. M.
, Jones
, M. L.
, and Hallman
, J. J.
, 2020
, “Prevalence of Non-Nominal Seat Positions and Postures Among Front-Seat Passengers
,” Traffic Inj. Prev.
, 21
(Suppl. 1
), pp. S7
–S12
.10.1080/15389588.2020.179397117.
Yamada
, K.
, Gotoh
, M.
, Kitagawa
, Y.
, and Yasuki
, T.
, 2016
, “Simulation of Occupant Posture Change During Autonomous Emergency Braking and Occupant Kinematics in Frontal Collision
,” Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference
, Malaga, Spain, Sept. 14–16, Paper No. IRC-16-36.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc16/pdf-files/36.pdf18.
Infantes
, E.
, Caspar
, M.
, Kramer
, S.
, Schaub
, S.
, Langner
, T.
, Eggers
, A.
, Unselt
, T.
, and Lemmen
, P.
, 2015
, “The Effect of Pre-Crash Safety Systems to Occupant Protection in Offset Frontal Impacts
,” SAE
Paper No. 2015-26-0164. 10.4271/2015-26-016419.
Dahiya
, A.
, and Untaroiu
, C. D.
, 2023
, “Influence of Pre-Crash Vehicle Maneuvers on Front Passenger Safety Performance Response
,” SAE
Paper No. 09-11-02-0021.10.4271/09-11-02-002120.
Owens
, J. M.
, Antin
, J. F.
, Doerzaph
, Z.
, and Willis
, S.
, 2015
, “Cross-Generational Acceptance of and Interest in Advanced Vehicle Technologies: A Nationwide Survey
,” Transp. Res. Part F
, 35
, pp. 139
–151
.10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.02021.
Singh
, H.
, Ganesan
, V.
, Davies
, J.
, Paramasuwom
, M.
, and Gradischnig
, L.
, 2018
, “Vehicle Interior and Restraints Modeling Development of Full Vehicle Finite Element Model Including Vehicle Interior and Occupant Restraints Systems for Occupant Safety Analysis Using THOR Dummies
,” NHTSA
, Washington, DC
, Report No. DOT HS 812 545
.https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/documents/812545_edagvehicleinteriorandrestraintsmodelingreport.pdf22.
Hu
, J.
, Lin
, Y.
, Boyle
, K.
, and Reed
, M.
, 2020
, “Parametric Model for Simulating Occupant Responses During Pre-Crash Vehicle Maneuvers
,” UMTRI
, Ann Arbor, MI
, Report.23.
Reed
, M. P.
, Embert
, S. M.
, Park
, B.-K. D.
, and Jones
, M. L. H.
, 2018
, “Passenger Kinematics During Crash Avoidance Maneuvers
,” UMTRI
, Ann Arbor, MI
, Report No. UMTRI-2018-5
.https://mreed.umtri.umich.edu/mreed/pubs/Reed_2018_UMTRI-2018-05_Passenger_Kinematics.pdf24.
Schwartz
, D.
, Guleyupoglu
, B.
, Koya
, B.
, Stitzel
, J. D.
, and Gayzik
, F. S.
, 2015
, “Development of a Computationally Efficient Full Human Body Finite Element Model
,” Traffic Inj. Prev.
, 16
(Suppl. 1
), pp. S49
–S56
.10.1080/15389588.2015.102141825.
Hwang
, E.
, Hallman
, J.
, Klein
, K.
, Rupp
, J.
, Reed
, M.
, and Hu
, J.
, 2016
, “Rapid Development of Diverse Human Body Models for Crash Simulations Through Mesh Morphing
,” SAE
Paper No. 2016-01-1491. 10.4271/2016-01-149126.
Dahiya
, A.
, Meng
, Y.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2022
, “Parametric Study of Pre-Crash Vehicle Maneuvers and Occupant Safety Performance Response
,” NHTSA
, Washington, DC.https://www.iaria.org/conferences2023/filesVEHICULAR23/CostinUntaroiu_Keynote_ParametricStudy.pdf27.
Hu
, J.
, Zhang
, K.
, Reed
, M. P.
, Wang
, J.-T.
, Neal
, M.
, and Lin
, C.-H.
, 2019
, “Frontal Crash Simulations Using Parametric Human Models Representing a Diverse Population
,” Traffic Inj. Prev.
, 20
(Suppl. 1
), pp. S97
–S105
.10.1080/15389588.2019.158192628.
Rawska
, K.
, Gepner
, B.
, Moreau
, D.
, and Kerrigan
, J. R.
, 2020
, “Submarining Sensitivity Across Varied Seat Configurations in Autonomous Driving System Environment
,” Traffic Inj. Prev.
, 21
(Suppl. 1
), pp. S1
–S6
.10.1080/15389588.2020.179132429.
Montgomery
, D. C.
, 2019
, Design and Analysis of Experiments
, Wiley
, Hoboken, NJ.30.
Eppinger
, R.
, Sun
, E.
, and Kuppa
, S.
, 2000
, “Supplement: Development of Improved Injury Criteria for the Assessment of Advanced Automotive Restraint Systems-II
,” NHTSA, Washington, DC.https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1473931.
Kuppa
, S.
, Wang
, J.
, Haffner
, M.
, and Eppinger
, R.
, 2001
, “Lower Extremity Injuries and Associated Injury Criterion
,” SAE
Paper No. 2001-06-0160. 10.4271/2001-06-016032.
Mertz
, H. J.
, Irwin
, A. L.
, and Prasad
, P.
, 2003
, “Biomechanical and Scaling Bases for Frontal and Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values
,” Stapp Car Crash J.
, 47
, pp. 155
–188
.10.4271/2016-22-001833.
Laituri
, T. R.
, Prasad
, P.
, Sullivan
, K.
, Frankstein
, M.
, and Thomas
, R. S.
, 2005
, “Derivation and Evaluation of a Provisional, Age-Dependent, AIS3+ Thoracic Risk Curve for Belted Adults in Frontal Impacts
,” SAE
Paper No. 2005-01-0297.10.4271/2005-01-029734.
Rouhana
, S. W.
, El-Jawahri
, R. E.
, and Laituri
, T. R.
, 2010
, “Biomechanical Considerations for Abdominal Loading by Seat Belt Pretensioners
,” Stapp Car Crash J.
, 54
, pp. 381
–406
.10.4271/2010-22-001635.
Takhounts
, E. G.
, Craig
, M. J.
, Moorhouse
, K.
, McFadden
, J.
, and Hasija
, V.
, 2013
, “Development of Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC)
,” Stapp Car Crash J.
, 57
, pp. 243
–266
.10.4271/2013-22-001036.
Craig
, M.
, Parent
, D.
, Lee
, E.
, Rudd
, R.
, Takhounts
, E.
, and Hasija
, V.
, 2020
, “Injury Criteria for the THOR 50th Male ATD
,” NHTSA
, Washington, DC.37.
Matsuda
, T.
, Yamada
, K.
, Hayashi
, S.
, and Kitagawa
, Y.
, 2018
, “Simulation of Occupant Posture Changes Due to Evasive Manoeuvres and Injury Predictions in Vehicle Frontal and Side Collisions
,” Proceedings of the International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury
, Athens, Greece, Sept. 12–14, Paper No. IRC-18-81.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc18/pdf-files/81.pdf38.
Östmann
, M.
, and Jakobsson
, L.
, 2016
, “An Examination of Pre-Crash Braking Influence on Occupant Crash Response Using an Active Human Body Model
,” Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury (IRCOBI
), Malaga, Spain, Sept. 14–16, pp. 275
–283
.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc16/pdf-files/37.pdf39.
Östh
, J.
, Larsson
, E.
, and Jakobsson
, L.
, 2022
, “Human Body Model Muscle Activation Influence on Crash Response
,” Proceedings of the International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury (IRCOBI
), Porto, Portugal, Sept. 14–16, Paper No. IRC-22-101.https://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc22/pdf-files/22101.pdf40.
Devane
, K.
, Chan
, H.
, Albert
, D.
, Kemper
, A.
, and Gayzik
, F. S.
, 2022
, “Implementation and Calibration of Active Small Female and Average Male Human Body Models Using Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests
,” Traffic Inj. Prev.
, 23
(Suppl. 1
), pp. S44
–S49
.10.1080/15389588.2022.211407841.
Takhounts
, E. G.
, 2015
, “Computational Modeling and Injury Criteria for Motor-Vehicle Crashes
,” Proceedings of the 59th Stapp Car Crash Conference
, New Orleans, LA, Nov. 9
–11
.https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/stapp_2015.pdf42.
National Center for Statistics and Analysis
, 2024
, “Occupant Protection in Passenger Vehicles: 2022 Data
,” (Traffic Safety Facts), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
, Washington, DC, Report No. DOT HS 813 573
.https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813573.pdf43.
Pak
, W.
, Grindle
, D.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2021
, “The Influence of Gait Stance and Vehicle Type on Pedestrian Kinematics and Injury Risk
,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
, 143
(10
), p. 101007
.10.1115/1.405122444.
Grindle
, D.
, Balubaid
, A.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2023
, “Investigation of Traffic Accidents Involving Seated Pedestrians Using a Finite Element Simulation-Based Approach
,” Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng.
, 26
(4
), pp. 484
–497
.10.1080/10255842.2022.206834945.
Grindle
, D.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2023
, “Effectiveness of Wearable Protection Equipment for Seated Pedestrians
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
, 51
(9
), pp. 2086
–2096
.10.1007/s10439-023-03249-346.
Grindle
, D.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2023
, “Computational Seated Pedestrian Impact Design of Experiments With Ultralight Wheelchair
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
, 51
(7
), pp. 1523
–1534
.10.1007/s10439-023-03157-647.
Untaroiu
, C. D.
, Pak
, W.
, Meng
, Y.
, Schap
, J.
, Koya
, B.
, and Gayzik
, S.
, 2018
, “A Finite Element Model of a Midsize Male for Simulating Pedestrian Accidents
,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
, 140
(1
), p. 011003
.10.1115/1.403785448.
Grindle
, D.
, Pak
, W.
, Guleyupoglu
, B.
, Koya
, B.
, Gayzik
, F. S.
, Song
, E.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2021
, “A Detailed Finite Element Model of a Mid-Sized Male for the Investigation of Traffic Pedestrian Accidents
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H
, 235
(3
), pp. 300
–313
.10.1177/095441192097622349.
Chontos
, R.
, Grindle
, D.
, Untaroiu
, A.
, Doerzaph
, Z.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2023
, “A Numerical Investigation of Rider Injury Risks During Falls Caused by E-Scooter-Stopper Impacts
,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
, 145
(10
), p. 101006
.10.1115/1.406284750.
Chontos
, R.
, Grindle
, D.
, Untaroiu
, A.
, Doerzaph
, Z.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2024
, “A Numerical Investigation of e-Scooter-to-Vehicle Traffic Accidents
,” Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng.
, pp. 1
–5
.10.1080/10255842.2024.234747751.
Meng
, Y.
, Buckland
, E.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2024
, “Numerical Investigation of Driver Injury Risks in Car-to-End Terminal Crashes Using a Human Finite Element Model
,” Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng.
, pp. 1
–11
.10.1080/10255842.2024.238722352.
Meng
, Y.
, Hu
, W.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2020
, “An Examination of the Performance of Damaged Energy-Absorbing End Terminals
,” Accid. Anal. Prev.
, 147
, p. 105789
.10.1016/j.aap.2020.10578953.
Meng
, Y.
, and Untaroiu
, C.
, 2020
, “Numerical Investigation of Occupant Injury Risks in Car-to-End Terminal Crashes Using Dummy-Based Injury Criteria and Vehicle-Based Crash Severity Metrics
,” Accid. Anal. Prev.
, 145
, p. 105700
.10.1016/j.aap.2020.10570054.
Reed
, M. P.
, Ebert
, S. M.
, Jones
, M. L. H.
, and Park
, B.-K.
, 2021
, “Occupant Dynamics During Crash Avoidance Maneuvers
,” NHTSA, Washington, DC, Report No. DOT HS 812 997
.https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/54737/dot_54737_DS1.pdf
