... heat exchangers mass transfer refrigerants thermo-fluid systems dynamic models vapor compression cycle Control engineers are often faced with the challenging task of creating simplified dynamic models of complex physical systems. A thermofluid system is a good example of a complex...

..., and convolution expressions of distributed temperature and concentration Green’s fields (accounting for the orientation of their gradient and decomposing heat and mass transfer across the coating from substrate conduction). The model is validated with nickel aluminide coatings processed on a robotic plasma arc...

... of unit deposition distributions, composed of elementary spherical primitives consistent with the mass transfer physics. This real-time surface geometry model, with its parameters identified by in-process profile measurements, is used for Smith-prediction of the material shape in the unobservable...