Abstract
Heat transfer in turbomachinery has been well established due to the long history of research in the field. A vast amount of research has been devoted to obtain flow fields and regimes, heat transfer modes, surface effects, and heat transfer enhancement techniques. Since most of the flows are in the turbulent regime of air cooling, various heat transfer enhancements such as turbulators, pin fins, concavities, and lattice cooling have been investigated. The electronics industry has shown a rapid increase in the functionality, speed, and the density of transistors, leading to a large increase in the required heat transfer. Most of the flows are in the transitional regime. Heat sinks are the primary choice for thermal management in electronics systems. Enhancements in heat sinks have been limited to taller and tighter fin spacing, while decreasing the weight and the cost. Current state-of-the-art for heat sinks in electronics components is lacking in heat transfer enhancement technologies, which is common in turbine heat transfer practice. Therefore, the primary goal of this paper is to examine the turbomachinery cooling technologies and to inform the packaging engineers about the thermal technologies on the other side of the thermal world.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
1.
Moore
, G.
E.
, 1965,
“Cramming Electronics onto Integrated
Circuits
,” Electronics
0013-5070, 38
(8
).2.
ITRS Report
,
2003, “International
Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors
,” http://public.itr.nethttp://public.itr.net.3.
Perfluorinated Fluids Manuals, www.3m.comwww.3m.com,
2004.
4.
Iyengar
,
M.
, and
Bar-Cohen
,
A.
,
2000, “Design for
manufacturability of SISE Parallel Plate Forced Convection Heat
Sinks
,” Proceedings of the Seventh Intersociety
Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic
Systems
, pp.
141
–148
.5.
Copeland
, D.
W.
, 2003,
“Fundemental Performance Limits of Heat
Sinks
,” ASME J. Electron. Packag.
1043-7398, 125
, p.
225
.6.
Pristic
,
S.
, and
Bar-Cohen
,
A.
,
2004, “Heat-Shield—An
Enhancement Device for an Unshoruded Forced Cenvection Heat
Sink
,” 2004 Inter Society Conference on Thermal
Phenomena
.7.
Holahan
, M.
F.
, 2004,
“Fins, Fans, and Form: Volumetric Limits to Air-Side Heatsink
Performance
,” 2004 Inter Society Conference on
Thermal Phenomena
.8.
Katoh
,
T.
,
Xu
,
G.
,
Vogel
,
M.
, and
Novotny
,
S.
,
2004, “New Attempt of
Forced Air-Cooling for High Flux Applications
,”
Inter Society Conference on Thermal
Phenomena
.9.
De Kock
, D.
J.
, and Visser
, J.
A.
, 2003,
“Constructing a Trade Off Surface for Extruded Heat Sinks
Exposed to Forced Convection
,” Proceedings of
IPACK03 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and
Exhibition
, InterPack 2003-35151.10.
Ortega
,
A.
,
2002, “Air Cooling of
Electronics: A Personal Perspective 1981-2001
,” 2002
IEEE Semi-Therm Conference
, San Jose, CA.11.
You
, S.
M.
, and Lee
,
S.
,
2004, “High Power
Microelectronics Thermal Management and Packaging
Fundamentals
,” ITHERM 2004
, Las Vegas,
NV.12.
Webb
, R.
L.
, Eckert
, E. R.
G.
, and Goldstein
,
R. J.
, 1971,
“Heat Transfer and Friction in Tubes With Repeated-Rib
Roughness
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
0017-9310, 14
, pp.
601
–617
.13.
Burggraf
,
F.
,
1970, “Experimental Heat
Transfer and Pressure Drop With Two-Dimensional Turbulence Promoter Applied
to Two Opposite Walls of a Square Tube
,” in
Augmentation of Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
,
Bergles
and
Webb
,
Eds. ASME
, New
York
, pp.
70
–79
.14.
Han
, J.
C.
, Glicksman
, L.
R.
, and Rohsenow
,
W. M.
, 1978,
“An Investigation of Heat Transfer and Friction for
Rib-Roughened Surfaces
,” Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer
0017-9310, 21
, pp.
1143
–1156
.15.
Han
, J.
C.
, Park
, J.
S.
, and Lei
, C.
K.
, 1985,
“Heat Transfer Enhancement in Channels With Turbulence
Promoters
,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
0742-4795, 107
, pp.
628
–635
.16.
Taslim
, M.
E.
, Li
,
T.
, and
Kercher
, D.
M.
, 1996,
“Experimental Heat Transfer and Friction in Channels
Roughened With Angled, V-Shaped, and Discrete Ribs on Two Opposite
Walls
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
0889-504X, 118
, pp.
20
–28
.17.
Bunker
, R.
S.
, and Osgood
, S.
J.
, 2003,
“The Effect of Turbulator Lean on Heat Transfer and Friction
in a Square Channel
,” GT2003-38137, IGTI Turbo Expo,
Atlanta.18.
Rau
,
G.
,
Cakan
,
M.
,
Moeller
,
D.
, and
Arts
,
T.
,
1998, “The Effect of
Periodic Ribs on the Local Aerodynamic and Heat Transfer Performance of a
Straight Cooling Channel
,” ASME J.
Turbomach.
0889-504X, 120
, pp.
368
–375
.19.
Schabacker
,
J.
,
Boelcs
,
A.
, and
Johnson
, B.
V.
, 1998,
“PIV Investigation of the Flow Characteristics in an Internal
Coolant Passage With Two Ducts Connected by a Sharp 180-deg
Bend
,” Paper No. 98-GT-544, IGTI Turbo Expo,
Stockholm.20.
Bunker
, R.
S.
, Wetzel
, T.
G.
, and Rigby
, D.
L.
, 2002,
“Heat Transfer in a Complex Trailing Edge Passage for a High
Pressure Turbine Blade, Part 1: Experimental Measurements
,”
GT-2002-30212, IGTI Turbo Expo, Amsterdam.21.
Taslim
, M.
E.
, and Spring
, S.
D.
, 1988,
“Experimental Heat Transfer and Friction Factors in
Turbulated Cooling Passages of Different Aspect Ratios Where Turbulators are
Staggered
,” AIAA Pap.
0146-3705, 24th Joint Propulsion Conference
,
Boston.22.
Bailey
, J.
C.
, and Bunker
, R.
S.
, 2003,
“Heat Transfer and Friction in Channels With Very High
Blockage 45-deg Staggered Turbulators
,” GT2003-38611, IGTI
Turbo Expo, Atlanta.23.
Metzger
, D.
E.
, Fan
, Z.
X.
, and Shepard
, W.
B.
, 1982,
“Pressure Loss and Heat Transfer Through Multiple Rows of
Short Pin Fins
,” Proceedings of the Seventh
International Heat Transfer Conference
, Munich, Germany Vol.
3
.24.
VanFossen
, G.
J.
, 1982,
“Heat Transfer Coefficients for Staggered Arrays of Short Pin
Fins
,” ASME J. Eng. Power
0022-0825, 104
, pp.
268
–274
.25.
Sparrow
, E.
M.
, Ramsey
, J.
W.
, and Altemani
,
C. A. C.
, 1980,
“Experiments on In-Line Pin Fin Arrays and Performance
Comparisons With Staggered Arrays
,” ASME J. Heat
Transfer
0022-1481, 102
, pp.
44
–50
.26.
Metzger
, D.
E.
, Berry
, R.
A.
, and Bronson
, J.
P.
, 1982,
“Developing Heat Transfer in Rectangular Ducts With Staggered
Arrays of Short Pin Fins
,” ASME J. Heat
Transfer
0022-1481, 104
, pp.
700
–706
.27.
Chyu
, M.
K.
, Hsing
, Y.
C.
, Shih
, T. I.
P.
, and Natarajan
,
V.
,
1999, “Heat Transfer
Contributions of Pins and Endwall in Pin-Fin Arrays: Effects of Thermal
Boundary Condition Modeling
,” ASME J.
Turbomach.
0889-504X, 121
, pp.
257
–263
.28.
Metzger
, D.
E.
, Fan
, C.
S.
, and Haley
, S.
W.
, 1984,
“Effects of Pin Shape and Array Orientation on Heat Transfer
and Pressure Loss in Pin Fin Arrays
,” ASME J. Eng.
Gas Turbines Power
0742-4795, 106
, pp.
252
–257
.29.
Chyu
, M.
K.
, Hsing
, Y.
C.
, and Natarajan
,
V.
,
1998, “Convective Heat
Transfer of Cubic Fin Arrays in a Narrow Channel
,”
ASME J. Turbomach.
0889-504X, 120
, pp.
362
–367
.30.
Hwang
, J.
J.
, Lia
, D.
Y.
, and Tsia
, Y.
P.
, 1999,
“Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Pin-Fin Trapezoidal
Ducts
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
0889-504X, 121
, pp.
264
–271
.31.
Zhang
,
N.
,
Yang
, W.
J.
, and Lee
, C.
P.
, 1993,
“Heat Transfer and Friction Loss Performance in Flow Networks
With Multiple Intersections
,” Exp. Heat
Transfer
0891-6152, 6
, pp.
243
–257
.32.
Bunker
, R.
S
,Bailey
, J. C.
, Lee
, C.
P.
, and Stevens
, C.
W.
, 2004,
“In-Wall Network (Mesh) Cooling Augmentation for Turbine
Airfoils
,” Paper No. GT2004–54260, IGTI Turbo Expo, Vienna,
Austria.33.
Bearman
, P.
W.
, and Harvey
, J.
K.
, 1976,
“Golf Ball Aerodynamics
,” Aeronaut.
Q.
0001-9259, 27
(2
) May, pp.
112
–122
. 34.
Khalatov
, A.
A.
, 2001,
“Vortex Technologies in Aerospace
Engineering
,” Proceedings of the U. S.—Ukrainian
Workshop on Innovative Combustion and Aerothermal Technologies in Energy and
Power Systems Kiev
, May 20–25.35.
Afanas’yev
, V.
N.
, Veselkin
, Yu.
V.
, Leont’ev
, A.
I.
, Skibin
, A.
P.
, and Chudnovskiy
,
Ya. P.
, 1993,
“Thermohydraulics of Flow Over Isolated Depressions (Pits,
Grooves) in a Smooth Wall
,” Heat Transfer-Sov.
Res.
0440-5749, 25
(1
), pp.
22
–56
.36.
Kesarev
, V.
S.
, and Kozlov
, A.
P.
, 1993,
“Convective Heat Transfer in Turbulized Flow Past a
Hemispherical Cavity
,” Heat Transfer-Sov.
Res.
0440-5749, 25
, pp.
156
–160
.37.
Afanas’yev
, V.
N.
, and Chudnovskiy
,
Ya. P.
, 1992,
“Heat Transfer and Friction on Surfaces Contoured by
Spherical Depressions
,” Heat Transfer-Sov.
Res.
0440-5749, 24
, pp.
24
–104
.38.
Afanas’yev
, V.
N.
, Chudnovskiy
,
Ya. P.
, Chudnovskiy
,
Ya. P.
, Leont’ev
, A.
I.
, and Roganov
, P.
S.
, 1993,
“Turbulent Flow Friction and Heat Transfer Characteristics
for Spherical Cavities on a Flat Plate
,” Exp. Therm.
Fluid Sci.
0894-1777, 7
, pp.
1
–8
.39.
Belen’kiy
, M.
Ya.
, Gotovskii
, M.
A.
, Lekakh
, B.
M.
, Fokin
, B.
S.
, and Khabenskii
,
V. B.
, 1992,
“Experimental Study of the Thermal and Hydraulic
Characteristics of Heat Transfer Surfaces Formed by Spherical
Cavities
,” Teplofiz. Vys. Temp.
0040-3644, 29
(6
), pp.
1142
–1147
.40.
Belen’kiy
, M.
Ya.
, Gotovskii
, M.
A.
, Lekakh
, B.
M.
, Fokin
, B.
S.
, and Dolgushin
,
K. S.
, 1993,
“Heat Transfer Augmentation Using Surfaces Formed by a System
of Spherical Cavities
,” Heat Transfer-Sov.
Res.
0440-5749, 25
, pp.
196
–202
.41.
Chyu
, M.
K.
, Yu
,
Y.
,
Ding
,
H.
,
Downs
, J.
P.
, and Soechting
,
F. O.
, 1997,
“Concavity Enhanced Heat Transfer in an Internal Cooling
Passage
,” IGTI Turbo Expo, Paper No. 97-GT-437,
Orlando.42.
Moon
, H.
K.
, O’Connell
,
T.
, and
Glezer
,
B.
,
1999, “Channel Height
Effect on Heat Transfer and Friction in a Dimpled Passage
,”
IGTI Turbo Expo, Paper No. 99-GT-163, Indianapolis.43.
Mahmood
, G.
I.
, Hill
, M.
L.
, Nelson
, D.
L.
, Ligrani
, P.
M.
, Moon
, H.
K.
, and Glezer
,
B.
,
2000, “Local Heat
Transfer and Flow Structure on and Above a Dimpled Surface in a
Channel
,” IGTI Turbo Expo, Paper No. 2000-GT-230,
Munich.44.
Nagoga
, G.
P.
, 1996,
“Effective Methods of Cooling of Blades of High Temperature
Gas Turbines
,” Publishing House of Moscow Aerospace
Institute (Russian language), p.100.45.
Bunker
, R.
S.
, and Donnellan
,
K.
,
2003, “Heat Transfer and
Friction Factors for Flows Inside Circular Tubes With Concavity
Surfaces
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
0889-504X,
125
, pp.
665
–672
.46.
Bunker
,
R.
,
Gotovskii
,
M.
,
Belen’kiy
,
M.
, and
Fokin
,
B.
,
2003, “Heat Transfer and
Pressure Loss for Flows Inside Converging and Diverging Channels With
Surface Concavity Shape Effects
,” Proceedings 4th
International Conference on Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhancement
Technology
, Crete Island, Greece, Sep. 29—Oct. 3,
Begell House Inc
., New
York
.47.
Goreloff
,
V.
,
Goychengerg
,
M.
, and
Malkoff
,
V.
,
1990, “The Investigation
of Heat Transfer in Cooled Blades of Gas Turbines
,”
26th Joint Propulsion Conference
, AIAA J.
0001-145248.
Bunker
, R.
S.
, 2004,
“Latticework (Vortex) Cooling Effectiveness Part 1:
Stationary Channel Experiments
,” Paper No. GT2004–54157,
IGTI Turbo Expo, Vienna, Austria.49.
Martin
,
H.
,
1977, “Heat and Mass
Transfer Between Impinging Gas Jets and Solid Surfaces
,”
Advances in Heat Transfer
, Academic
Press
, New York
,
13
, pp.
1
–60
.50.
Han
,
B.
, and
Goldstein
, R.
J.
, 2001,
“Jet Impingement Heat Transfer in Gas Turbine
Systems
,” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
0077-8923, 934
, pp.
147
–161
.51.
Gardon
,
R.
, and
Cobonpue
,
J.
,
1962, “Heat Transfer
Between a Flat Plate and Jets of Air Impinging on it
,”
International Developments in Heat Transfer, Proceedings of the 2nd
International Heat Transfer Conference
,
ASME
, New
York
, pp.
454
–460
.52.
Gardon
,
R.
, and
Akfirat
,
J.
,
1966, “Heat Transfer
Characteristics of Impinging Two-Dimensional Air Jets
,”
ASME J. Heat Transfer
0022-1481, 88
, pp.
101
–108
.53.
Perry
, K.
P.
, 1954,
“Heat Transfer by Convection From a Hot Gas Jet to a Plane
Surface
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
0020-3483, 168
, pp.
775
–784
.54.
Ichimiya
,
K.
,
1995, “Heat Transfer and
Flow Characteristics of an Oblique Turbulent Impinging Jet Within Confined
Walls
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
0022-1481, 117
, pp.
316
–322
.55.
Metzger
,
D.
,
Yamashita
,
T.
, and
Jenkins
,
C.
,
1971, “Impingement
Cooling of Concave Surfaces With Lines of Circular Air
Jets
,” ASME J. Eng. Power
0022-0825, 91
, pp.
149
–158
.56.
Chupp
,
R.
,
Helms
,
H.
,
McFadden
,
P.
, and
Brown
,
T.
,
1969, “Evaluation of
Internal Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Impingement-Cooled Turbine
Airfoils
,” J. Aircr.
0021-8669, 6
(3
), pp.
203
–208
.57.
Bunker
,
R.
, and
Metzger
,
D.
,
1990, “Local Heat
Transfer in Internally Cooled Turbine Airfoil Leading Edge Regions: Part
I—Impingement Cooling Without Film Coolant Extraction
,”
ASME J. Turbomach.
0889-504X, 112
, pp.
451
–458
.58.
Metzger
,
D.
, and
Korstad
,
R.
,
1972, “Effects of
Crossflow on Impingement Heat Transfer
,” ASME J.
Eng. Power
0022-0825, 94
, pp.
35
–41
.59.
Bailey
, J.
C.
, Intile
,
J.
,
Tolpadi
,
A.
,
Fric
,
T.
,
Nirmalan
, N.
V.
, and Bunker
, R.
S.
, 2002,
“Experimental and Numerical Study of Heat Transfer in a Gas
Turbine Combustor Liner
,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines
Power
0742-4795,
125
, pp.
994
–1002
.60.
Kercher
,
D.
, and
Tabakoff
,
W.
,
1970, “Heat Transfer by
a Square Array of Round Air Jets Impinging Perpendicular to a Flat Surface
Including the Effect of Spent Air
,” ASME J. Eng.
Power
0022-0825, 92
, pp.
73
–82
.61.
Florschuetz
,
L.
,
Truman
,
C.
, and
Metzger
,
D.
,
1981, “Streamwise Flow
and Heat Transfer Distributions for Jet Array Impingement with
Crossflow
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
0022-1481, 103
, pp.
337
–342
.62.
Florschuetz
,
L.
,
Berry
,
R.
, and
Metzger
,
D.
,
1980, “Periodic
Streamwise Variations of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Inline and Staggered
Arrays of Circular Jets With Crossflow of Spent Air
,”
ASME J. Heat Transfer
0022-1481, 102
, pp.
132
–137
.63.
Florschuetz
,
L.
,
Metzger
,
D.
, and
Su
,
C.
,
1984, “Heat Transfer
Characteristics for Jet Array Impingement With Initial
Crossflow
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
0022-1481, 106
, pp.
34
–41
.64.
Andrews
, G.
E.
, Durance
,
J.
,
Hussain
, G.
I.
, and Ojobor
, S.
N.
, 1987,
“Full Coverage Impingement Heat Transfer: Influence of the
Number of Holes
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
0889-504X, 109
, pp.
557
–563
.65.
Bailey
, J.
C.
, and Bunker
, R.
S.
, 2002,
“Local Heat Transfer and Flow Distributions for Impinging Jet
Arrays of Both Sparse and Dense Extent
,” GT-2002–30473, IGTI
Turbo Expo, Amsterdam.66.
Taslim
, M.
E.
, Setayeshgar
,
L.
, and
Spring
, S.
D.
, 2001,
“An Experimental Evaluation of Advanced Leading Edge
Impingement Cooling Concepts
,” ASME J.
Turbomach.
0889-504X,
123
, pp.
147
–153
.67.
Bunker
, R.
S.
, Bailey
, J.
C.
, Lee
, C.
P.
, and Stevens
, C.
W.
, 2004,
“In-Wall Network (Mesh) Cooling Augmentation for Turbine
Airfoils
,” Paper No. GT2004–54260, IGTI Turbo Expo, Vienna,
Austria.Copyright © 2006
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
