Abstract
A foldable smartphone is an exciting new approach for future mobile systems. With some early models being introduced to the market, research and development is being performed to increase the reliability of future systems. Mechanical failure of the display is the major source of foldable smartphone's reliability issues. The display is a laminate structure including an organic light emitting diode (OLED) layer (emission layer and pixel electrode layer), a touch panel, a polarizer, and multiple protective layers in addition to multiple functional coatings and supporting structures. The display is exposed to repeated folding, finger touch, and the impact of external sharp objects. In addition, mechanical behavior changes through the thickness of the display; which adds extra challenges in preventing damage to vital components of the display. This review covers more than 100 U.S. patents about the mechanical failures in foldable smartphones published or filed after 2015. Different inventions reviewed are to design a foldable configuration to prevent mechanical failures resulting from the following four mechanisms: (1) plastic deformation (yielding, creep, and fatigue); (2) fracture; (3) delamination; and (4) buckling (warping, buckling, wrinkling, and creasing).
Issue Section:
Review Articles
References
1.
Seo
,
H. S.
,
Park
,
K. W.
,
Lee
,
G. E.
,
Jung
,
J. H.
, and
Cho
,
S. Y.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 9798359 B2.2.
Breedlove
,
E. L.
,
Leatherdale
,
C. A.
,
Pekurovsky
,
L. A.
, and
Zhang
,
P.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Design With Generalized Layer Mechanical Compatibility
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180061893 A1
.https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180061893A1/en3.
Jones
,
C. D.
,
Memering
,
D. N.
, and
Bartlow
,
C. C.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Cover and Display for an Electronic Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 201802176394.
Ehemann
,
K. D.
,
Gaylo
,
K. R.
,
Mattingly
,
W. B.
, III
,
O'Malley
,
C. T.
,
Ukrainczyk
,
L.
, and
Wasson
,
K. L.
, 2018
, “
Cover Glass Article
,” U.S. Patent No. 10051753 B2.5.
Chu
,
P. W.
,
Donovan
,
M. P.
,
Gross
,
T. M.
,
Mattos
,
L.
,
Panda
,
P. C.
, and
Smith
,
R. L.
, 2019
, “
Foldable Electronic Device Assemblies and Cover Elements for the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190011954 A1
.http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2019/0011954.html6.
Kim
,
M. H.
,
Hwang
,
S.
,
Kim
,
J.
,
Park
,
I.
,
Yoon
,
D.
, and
Kim
,
K. Y.
, 2018
, “
Flexible Glass Article Having a Low Bending Curvature and Method of Making the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 2018/0155238 A1.7.
Aurongzeb
,
D. M.
,
Morrison
,
J. S.
, and
Abbatiello
,
N. D.
, 2018
, “
Information Handling System Folded Display Assembly
,” U.S. Patent No. 10078347 B2.8.
Leatherdale
,
C. A.
,
Thompson
,
D. S.
,
Johnson
,
M. A.
,
Stradinger
,
J. J.
,
Breedlove
,
E. L.
,
Solomonson
,
S. D.
, and
Rule
,
J. D.
, 2018
, “
Thin Protective Display Film
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180264790 A1.9.
Koo
,
H.
,
Kim
,
T.
, and
Lee
,
K.
, 2016
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160212840 A1.10.
Zhang
,
Z.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Drzaic
,
P. S.
,
Kelley
,
P. C.
, and
Landry
,
J. P.
, 2018
, “
Electronic Devices With Robust Flexible Displays
,” U.S. Patent No. 9947882 B2.11.
Kim
,
K.
,
Kim
,
B.
,
Kim
,
S.
,
Oh
,
H.
,
Park
,
S. I.
,
Shin
,
H.
,
Oh
,
H. J.
,
Lee
,
J.
, and
Choi
,
M. H.
, 2018
, “
Display Apparatus and Manufacturing Method of Window Member Included in Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180143353 A1.12.
Lee
,
J. Y.
,
Kim
,
J. M.
,
Kim
,
G. Y.
, and
Oh
,
S. H.
, 2017
, “
Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode Display Device and Method of Fabricating the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170005292 A1.13.
Namkung
,
J.
, 2018
, “
Flexible Touch Screen Panel and Flexible Touch Screen Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 9868878 B2.14.
Solven
,
D.
, and
Dattalo
,
T. S.
, 2015
, “
Reducing Bending Effects in Touch Sensor Devices
,” U.S. Patent No. 9134397 B2.15.
Choi
,
S.
,
Kang
,
S. K.
,
Lee
,
I. N.
,
Go
,
H. S.
,
Kim
,
Y. D.
,
Lee
,
J. H.
,
Lee
,
C. H.
, and
Joo
,
Y. K.
, 2018
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180196180 A1.16.
Gupta
,
C.
,
Seay
,
A. F.
,
Aurongzeb
,
D.
, and
Basavarajaiah
,
S.
, 2016
, “
Flexible Display Device Monitoring System
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160371043 A1.17.
Lee
,
S. J.
,
Lee
,
H. J.
,
Nam
,
H.
, and
Lee
,
M. H.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180102096 A1.18.
Seo
,
H. S.
, and
Kaihotsu
,
W.
, 2018
, “
Electronic Device Including Flexible Display
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180049329 A1.19.
Lee
,
S. C.
,
Park
,
S. I.
, and
Lee
,
S. W.
, 2015
, “
Hinge Device and Foldable Display Apparatus Having the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20150233162 A1.20.
Lee
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 10143098 B1.21.
Lee
,
T. H.
,
Hong
,
W. K.
, and
Mok
,
R. K.
, 2018
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180210600 A1.22.
Hu
,
G.
,
Joshi
,
D.
,
Park
,
E.
, and
Qaroush
,
Y. K.
, 2019
, “
Bendable Electronic Device Modules, Articles and Bonding Method of Making the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190047900 A1.23.
Jeong
,
Y. C.
, Nam, S. W., Han, S. Y., Kim, K. Y., Kim, A. Y., Min, G. N., and Lee, K. T., 2018
, “
Foldable, Flexible Display Apparatus and Method of Manufacturing the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 10522599B2.24.
Chang
,
T.
C., Chu, P. W., Cimo, P. J., Ellison, A. J., Gross, T. M., Hu, G., Smith, N. J., Vaddi, B. R., and Venkataraman, N., 2019
, “
Bendable Glass Stack Assemblies, Articles and Methods of Making the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190050027A1.25.
Kim
,
T. W.
, Chae, G. S., Park, J. H., Myung, N. J., Lee, S. H., Shin, S. H., and Kwak, T. H., 2018
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 9983424 B2.26.
Myung
,
N. J.
, Park, J. H., Hwang, B. H., Shin, S. H., Kwak, T. H., and Won, Y. L., 2017
, “
Backplate and Foldable Display Device Including the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170170417 A1.27.
Jung
,
J. H.
,
Cho
,
J. W.
,
Yang
,
S. M.
,
Yoon
,
Y. S.
, and
Lee
,
J. I.
, 2017
, “
Cover Window of Flexible Display Device and Flexible Display Device Having the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170064845 A1.28.
Chang
,
S. W.
, and
Lee
,
Y. H.
, 2016
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160240801.29.
Koo
,
J.
, 2017
, “
Flexible Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170062742 A1.30.
Kim
,
M. S.
,
Kwon
,
S. W.
,
Kwon
,
O. J.
,
Kwon
,
H. J.
, and
Kim
,
D. H.
, 2018
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180343753 A1.31.
Yoo
,
C. K.
,
Kim
,
J. J.
,
Kim
,
J. Y.
,
Kim
,
G. D.
,
Park
,
Y. S.
,
Back
,
M. H.
, and
Sim
,
H. W.
, 2018
, “
Electronic Device Including Flexible Display
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180324964 A1.32.
Lee
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 10141098 B1.33.
Kim
,
Y. J.
, 2019
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 10185367 B2.34.
Kim
,
J. H.
, 2016
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 9348450 B1.35.
Kwon
,
S. C.
,
Kim
,
S. H.
,
Lee
,
D. J.
, and
Lee
,
J. J.
, 2015
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 9164547 B1.36.
Lee
,
D. J.
, and
Kwon
,
S. C.
, 2015
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 9204565 B1.37.
Kim
,
J. H.
,
Kim
,
T. W.
, and
Han
,
M. J.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170061836 A1.38.
Watamura
,
K.
, 2018
, “
Portable Information Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 10067536 B1.39.
Watamura
,
K.
,
Amano
,
M.
, and
Yamauchi
,
T.
, 2018
, “
Portable Information Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180196468 A1.40.
Hong
,
J. H.
,
Choi
,
D. S.
, and
Morrison
,
J. T.
, 2018
, “
Flexible Information Handling System Display Sliding Frame
,” U.S. Patent No. 10015897 B1.41.
Aoki
,
R. S.
,
Magi
,
A.
,
Macdonald
,
M. A.
, and
Ahrens
,
M.
, 2018
, “
Flexible Display Structure
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180150112 A1.42.
Yoo
,
S. J.
,
Choi
,
N. B.
, and
Kuk
,
S. H.
, 2017
, “
Backplane Substrate and Flexible Display Using the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170031389 A1.43.
Shyu
,
T. C.
,
Drzaic
,
P. S.
, and
Zhang
,
Z.
, 2017
, “
Electronic Devices With Displays
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170294495 A1.44.
Zhang
,
Z.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Drzaic
,
P. S.
,
Kelley
,
P. C.
, and
Landry
,
J. P.
, 2017
, “
Electronic Devices With Robust Flexible Displays
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170092884.45.
Hwang
,
S. J.
,
Han
,
K. Y.
, and
Kim
,
S. G.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 9655235 B2.46.
Lee
,
K. T.
,
Kim
,
K. Y.
,
Min
,
G. N.
,
Lee
,
J.
,
Han
,
K. W.
, and
Han
,
S.
, 2016
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 942999 B2.47.
Bae
,
Y. D.
,
Seo
,
H. S.
,
Kaihotsu
,
W.
,
Takayangi
,
T.
, and
Park
,
J. H.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170115701 A1.48.
Myeong
,
M. S.
,
Lee
,
A. R.
,
Kee
,
I. S.
,
Ryou
,
H. S.
, and
Choi
,
S. C.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180145269 A1.49.
Myeong
,
M. S.
,
Lee
,
A. R.
,
Kee
,
I. S.
,
Ryou
,
H. S.
, and
Choi
,
S. C.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180101200 A1.50.
Morrison
,
J. T.
,
Files
,
J. W.
, and
Pelissier
,
G. R.
, 2018
, “
Dynamic Antenna Orientation With a Flexible Information Handling System Display
,” U.S. Patent No. 9964995 B1.51.
Turchin
,
K. M.
,
Pelissier
,
G. R.
, and
Morrison
,
J. T.
, 2018
, “
Flexible Information Handling System Display Hinge and Ramp Support Structure
,” U.S. Patent No. 10082839 B1.52.
Jang
,
S. J.
,
Park
,
Y. J.
, and
Won
,
Y. L.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180150106.53.
Ko
,
G. B.
,
Na
,
H.
,
Kim
,
C.
,
Choi
,
S.
,
Sohn
,
J.
, and
Ahn
,
S.
, 2016
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160239133 A1.54.
Yeo
,
J. H.
, 2018
, “
Flexile Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180182838 A1.55.
Hwang
,
J. S.
, 2017
, “
Organic Light Emitting Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170345877 A1.56.
Oh
,
Y.
,
Park
,
J.
, and
Choi
,
J.
, 2019
, “
Flexible Organic Light Emitting Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 10199596 B2.57.
Kim
,
J. Y.
,
Hwang
,
S. J.
,
Kim
,
M. H.
,
Park
,
I. H.
, and
Yoon
,
D. H.
, 2018
, “
Protective Cover and Display Device Including the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180136371 A1.58.
Moon
,
Y. G.
, and
Han
,
J. H.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180120997 A1.59.
Choi
,
J.
, Seo, T., Kim, T., Park, B., Park, J., and Seol, Y., 2017
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170141173 A1.60.
Kim
,
B.
,
Kwak
,
W.
,
Kim
,
K.
,
Shin
,
H.
, and
Hwang
,
T.
, 2017
, “
Flexible Substrate and Flexible Display Device Including the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170188463 A1.61.
Chan
,
I. W.
,
Tung
,
C. H.
,
Rothkopf
,
F. R.
,
Kang
,
S.
, and
Zhong
,
J. Z.
, 2016
, “
Electronic Devices With Display and Touch Sensor Structures
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160357318 A1.62.
Hong
,
J. H.
,
Joo
,
H. J.
,
Kim
,
G. M.
,
Kim
,
I. G.
, and
Shin
,
J. M.
, 2018
, “
Display Panel
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180052493.63.
Kim
,
S. H.
,
Kim
,
B. A.
,
Park
,
S. I.
,
Shin
,
H. J.
,
Oh
,
H. J.
,
Lee
,
J. S.
, and
Choi
,
M. H.
, 2018
, “
Electronic Device With a Foldable Display and Method of Operating the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180059736 A1.64.
Jeong
,
C. Y.
, and
Sohn
,
J. W.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display
,” U.S. Patent No. 9980373 B2.65.
Wood
,
C.
, and
Cavallaro
,
A.
, 2018
, “
Method to Recover Permanent Set in a Foldable Display
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180164854 A1.66.
Zhang
,
Z.
,
Tao
,
Y.
,
Drzaic
,
P. S.
, and
Wurzel
,
J. G.
, 2016
, “
Flexible Display Panel With Bent Substrate
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160204366 A1.67.
Hamburgen
,
W. R.
, and
Vakhshouri
,
K.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Neutral Axis Management With Thin, High Modulus Layers
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180356859 A1.68.
Kim
,
H.
,
Kim
,
Y. D.
, and
Choi
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display
,” U.S. Patent No. 9891670 B2.69.
Yokoyama
,
Y.
,
Matsuyuki
,
N.
,
Bae
,
S.
, and
Waniuk
,
T. A.
, 2019
, “
Multilayer Composite Including Metallic Glass and Polymer With Reduced Fatigue
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190085465 A1.70.
Jang
,
Y.
,
Jung
,
Y. H.
, and
Choi
,
Y. S.
, 2018
, “
Organic Light Emitting Display Device and Method of Manufacturing the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180123060 A1.71.
Jeong
,
H. Y.
, 2017
, “
Backplane Substrate and Flexible Display Using the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170062532.72.
Chen
,
Z.
,
Cotterell
,
B.
, and
Wang
,
W.
, 2002
, “
The Fracture of Brittle Thin Films on Compliant Substrates in Flexible Displays
,” Eng. Fract. Mech.
,
69
(5
), pp. 597
–603
.10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00104-773.
Lee
,
D. J.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 9752272 B2.74.
Lee
,
D. J.
, and
Kwon
,
S. C.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 9603271 B2.75.
Park
,
Y.
,
Seo
,
J.
,
Lee
,
Y.
, and
Lee
,
J.
, 2018
, “
Foldale Display Device and Method for Fabricating the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 10108284 B2.76.
Hu
,
G.
,
Joshi
,
D.
,
Park
,
E.
, and
Qaroush
,
Y. K.
, 2018
, “
Bendable Electronic Device Modules, Articles and Methods of Making the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180315953 A1.77.
Lee
,
E. H.
,
Park
,
K. W.
,
Kim
,
Y. S.
,
Park
,
J. H.
,
Seo
,
H. S.
, and
Cho
,
S. Y.
, 2018
, “
Flexible Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 9935279 B2.78.
Kim
,
T. W.
,
Park
,
J. H.
,
Myung
,
N. J.
,
Lee
,
S. H.
, and
Kwak
,
T. H.
, 2016
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160357052 A1.79.
Kim
,
J. H.
,
Kim
,
T. W.
, and
Park
,
J. K.
, 2019
, “
Flexible Display Device and Electronic Device Including the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190036068 A1.80.
Kim
,
S.
,
Kim
,
S.
,
Kim
,
Y.
,
Lee
,
S.
, and
Jeong
,
G.
, 2018
, “
Flexible Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180102496 A1.81.
Yun
,
Y. J.
,
Jeon
,
S.
, and
Lee
,
S.
, 2019
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190033920 A1.82.
Kim
,
S. B.
, 2018
, “
Display Device and Electronic Device Including the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180138442 A1.83.
Choi
,
J.
,
Seo
,
T.
,
Kim
,
T.
,
Park
,
B.
,
Park
,
J.
, and
Seol
,
Y.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 9947883 B2.84.
Choi
,
W. J.
, 2018
, “
Backplane Substrate and Flexible Display Using the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180097044 A1.85.
Lee
,
H. Y.
,
Kwak
,
W. K.
,
Moon
,
J. S.
, and
Jin
,
C. K.
, 2018
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180166019.86.
Liechti
,
K. M.
, 2008
, “
Delamination Mechanics
,” Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics
,
W.
Sharpe
, eds.,
Springer Handbooks
,
Springer, Boston, MA
.87.
Leng
,
C.
, and
Cai
,
Y.
, 2017
, “
Flexible Display Panel and Flexible Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170373121 A1.88.
Kim
,
Y. J.
, Lee, J. H., Lee, S. J., Lee, J., and Choi, K. M., 2018
, “
Flexible Display and Manufacturing Method Thereof
,” U.S. Patent No. 9874772 B2.89.
Seo
,
T. A.
, and
Choi
,
J. H.
, 2019
, “
Flexible Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 10268242 B2.90.
Baek
,
K. H.
,
Shin
,
Y. J.
, and
Lee
,
S. R.
, 2016
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160231837 A1.91.
Park
,
B. I.
,
Kim
,
S. H.
,
Kim
,
T. W.
, and
Lee
,
P. S.
, 2017
, “
Display Panel and Method of Fabricating the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 9755184 B2.92.
Hong
,
J. H.
,
Choi
,
W. I.
,
Lim
,
B. H.
, and
Joo
,
H. J.
, 2017
, “
Display Apparatus and Manufacturing Method Thereof
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170139513 A1.93.
Kim
,
H. N.
,
Lee
,
T.
,
Gam
,
S.
, and
Jung
,
M. S.
, 2017
, “
Optical Film, Manufacturing Method Thereof, and Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170023715 A1.94.
Everaerts
,
A. I.
,
Salmon
,
F. T.
, and
Wald
,
M. J.
, 2018
, “
Bonding Layer Having Discrete Adhesive Patches
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180370186 A1.95.
Behling
,
R. E.
,
Clapper
,
J. D.
,
Everaerts
,
A. I.
, and
Erdogan-Huag
,
B.
, 2018
, “
Acrylic Based Flexible Assembly Layer
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180291240 A1.96.
Lee
,
J.
,
Kim
,
J.
,
Oh
,
M.
,
Lee
,
J.
,
Lee
,
C.
, and
Lee
,
H.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170200915 A1.97.
Kong
,
H. Y.
,
Won
,
J. H.
,
Lee
,
S. J.
,
Gam
,
S.
,
Kim
,
H. J.
,
Jung
,
M. S.
, and
Jeong
,
W. J.
, 2017
, “
Optical Film and Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170031074 A1.98.
Lee
,
J.
, and
Pyo
,
Y.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus and Method of Manufacturing the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170084673 A1.99.
Mun
,
S. H.
, Kwak, B. D., Kang, J. W., Kim, I. J., Kim, J. H., Moon, H. R., Shin, S. H., Lee, G. H., Lee, J. Y., Cho, I. H., Han, J. H., and Hwang, I. C., 2019
, “
Flexible Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 10476037 B2.100.
Erdogan-Haug
,
B.
,
Everaerts
,
A. I.
,
Hays
,
D. S.
,
Kinning
,
D. J.
,
Appeaning
,
M. A.
, and
Won
,
J. S.
, 2018
, “
Silicone Based Assembly Layers for Flexible Display Applications
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180126706 A1.101.
Erdogan-Haug
,
B.
,
Everaerts
,
A. I.
,
Hays
,
D. S.
,
Kinning
,
D. J.
,
Appeaning
,
M. A.
,
Won
,
J. S.
,
Behling
,
R. E.
,
Clapper
,
J. D.
, and
Lesuffleur
,
A. E.
, 2018
, “
Assembly Layer for Flexible Display Applications
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180291238 A1.102.
Zhang
,
Z.
, and
Drzaic
,
P. S.
, 2017
, “
Flexible Device With Decoupled Display Layers
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170092892 A1.103.
Lee
,
J.
, and
Pyo
,
Y.
, 2018
, “
Foldable Display Device and Method of Operating the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 10067528 B2.104.
Namkung
,
J.
,
Park
,
S. R.
, and
Jeong
,
C. W.
, 2016
, “
Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160329520 A1.105.
Lee
,
S. W.
, 2016
, “
Foldable Display
,” U.S. Patent No. 9947726 B2.106.
Hu
,
G.
, Joshi, D., Park, E., and Qaroush, Y. K., 2019
, “
Bendable Electronic Device Modules, Articles and Methods of Making the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190006619 A1.107.
Jeong
,
C.
, and
Kim
,
M.
, 2018
, “
Display Device and Method for Manufacturing the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180151845 A1.108.
Wang
,
Q.
, and
Zhao
,
X.
, 2014
, “
Phase Diagrams of Instabilities in Compressed Film-Substrate Systems
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
,
81
(5
), p. 0510041
.10.1115/1.4025828109.
Park
,
S. D.
,
Kang
,
C. S.
,
Lee
,
Y. S.
, and
Park
,
C. Y.
, 2016
, “
Flexible Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160363960 A1.110.
Brand
,
J. M.
, 2019
, “
Folding Devices
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190045646 A1.111.
Forutanpour
,
B.
,
Frantz
,
W. T.
, and
Baker
,
D. S.
, 2016
, “
Efficient Display Content on Wearable Displays
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160239190 A1.112.
Lee
,
S.
,
Kim
,
J. H.
,
Choi
,
H.
, and
Kim
,
B. S.
, 2019
, “
Optical Film, Manufacturing Method Thereof, and Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 10216041 B2.113.
Chen
,
W. F.
, and
Atsuta
,
T.
, 2007
, Theory of Beam-Columns, Volume 2: Space Behavior and Design
,
J Ross Publishing Classics
, Plantation, FL.114.
Bi
,
W.
, 2019
, “
Foldable Module and Flexible Display Device Having the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190090363 A1.115.
Yayli
,
M. O.
, 2018
, “
Buckling Analysis of Euler Columns Embedded in an Elastic Medium With General Elastic Boundary Conditions
,” Mech. Based Des. Struct. Machines
,
46
(1
), pp. 110
–122
.10.1080/15397734.2017.1292142116.
Ahn
,
S.
, and
Jung
,
T.
, 2019
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 10297785 B2.117.
Brand
,
J. M.
, 2019
, “
Folding Devices
,” U.S. Patent No. 10426051 B2.118.
Lee
,
S. W.
, 2016
, “
Foldable Display
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160380033 A1.119.
Lee
,
H.
,
Han
,
J.
, and
Cha
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Mobile Terminal
,” U.S. Patent No. 10104790 B2.120.
Han
,
M. J.
,
Kim
,
T. W.
, and
Kim
,
J. H.
, 2017
, “
Supporting Frame for Flexible Display and Flexible Display Apparatus Comprising the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170060188 A1.121.
Ahn
,
S.
, and
Jung
,
T.
, 2017
, “
Foldable Display Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170006725 A1.122.
Knoppert
,
M.
, and
Aurongzeb
,
D.
, 2017
, “
Staged Snap Hinge With Adjustability
,” U.S. Patent No. 9785200 B1.123.
Myung
,
N. J.
,
Chae
,
G. S.
,
Park
,
J. H.
,
Shin
,
S. H.
, and
Kwak
,
T. H.
, 2017
, “
Backplate for Foldable Display Device and Foldable Display Device Including the Same
,” U.S. Patent No. 20170034906 A1.124.
Seo
,
T. A.
, and
Chi
,
J. H.
, 2016
, “
Flexible Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20160338219 A1.125.
Bookbinder
,
D. C.
,
Gross
,
T. M.
,
Hunt
,
J. L.
, and
Roussev
,
R. V.
, 2018
, “
Asymmetric Stress Profiles for Low Warp and High Damage Resistant Glass Articles
,” U.S. Patent No. 20180251400 A1.126.
Lim
,
S.
,
Kim
,
T.
,
Choo
,
Z.
,
Yoon
,
H.
,
Lee
,
S.
, and
Cho
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Mobile Terminal
,” United States Patent U.S. 20180164852 A1.127.
Cho
,
S. H.
, 2019
, “
Flexible Display Device
,” U.S. Patent No. 20190098775 A1.128.
Liu
,
G.
,
Peng
,
J.
,
Yuan
,
S.
,
Teng
,
B.
, and
Li
,
K.
, 2015
, “
Analysis on Critical Conditions of Sidewall Wrinkling for Hydroforming of Thin-Walled Tee-Joint
,” Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
,
97
, pp. 42
–49
.10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2015.06.004129.
Wang
,
X.
, and
Cao
,
J.
, 2000
, “
On the Prediction of Side-Wall Wrinkling in Sheet Metal Forming Processes
,” Int. J. Mech. Sci.
,
42
(12
), pp. 2369
–2394
.10.1016/S0020-7403(99)00078-8130.
Feng
,
H.
, and
Han
,
C.
, 2018
, “
Study on Wrinkling Behavior in Hydroforming of Large Diameter Thin-Walled Tube Through Local Constraints
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
,
99
(5–8
), pp. 1329
–1340
.10.1007/s00170-018-2558-9131.
Shafaat
,
M. A.
,
Abbasi
,
M.
, and
Ketabchi
,
M.
, 2011
, “
Effect of Different Yield Criteria on Prediction of Wrinkling Initiation of Interstitial-Free Galvanized Steel Sheet
,” Mater. Des.
,
32
(6
), pp. 3370
–3376
.10.1016/j.matdes.2011.02.013132.
Tang
,
W.
,
Chen
,
J.
, and
Yin
,
Z.
, 2017
, “
Elastic Buckling Analysis of Webs Transported Through Rollers With Misalignment
,” Thin-Walled Struct.
,
121
, pp. 1
–7
.10.1016/j.tws.2017.09.016133.
Timoshenko
,
S. P.
, and
Gere
,
J. M.
, 1963
, Theory of Elastic Stability
, International
Student ed., 2nd ed.,
Mcgraw-Hill International Book Company
, New York, pp. 319
–439
.Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
