In view of significance of a heat transfer correlation of flow boiling under the conditions of low liquid Reynolds number or liquid laminar flow, and very few correlations in principle suitable for such flow conditions, this study is aiming at developing a heat transfer correlation of flow boiling at low liquid Reynolds number for small diameter channels. The correlation is developed based on superimposition of two main flow boiling mechanisms, namely nucleate boiling and forced convection. In the correlation, two terms corresponding to nucleate boiling and forced convection are obtained from the pool boiling correlation by Forster and Zuber and the analytical annular flow model by Hewitt and Hall-Taylor, respectively. An extensive comparison with a collected database indicates that the developed correlation works satisfactorily with mean deviation and rms errors of 19.1% and 24.3%, respectively, under many experimental conditions such as different channel geometries (circular and rectangular) and flow orientations (vertical and horizontal) for some test fluids (water, R11, R12, and R113). A detailed discussion reveals that existing correlations for turbulent flow boiling such as Chen’s correlation, Schrock and Grossman’s correlation, and Dengler and Addoms’s correlation may be derived from a generalized form of the newly developed correlation.

1.
Chen
,
J. C.
, 1966, “
A Correlation for Boiling Heat Transfer to Saturated Fluid in Convective Flow
,”
Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev.
0196-4305,
5
, pp.
322
329
.
2.
Shah
,
M. M.
, 1976, “
A New Correlation for Heat Transfer during Flow Boiling through Pipes
,”
ASHRAE Trans.
0001-2505,
82
, pp.
66
86
.
3.
Gungor
,
K. E.
, and
Winterton
,
R. H. S.
, 1986, “
A General Correlation for Flow Boiling in Tubes and Annuli
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
0017-9310,
29
, pp.
351
358
.
4.
Liu
,
Z.
, and
Winterton
,
R. H. S.
, 1991, “
A General Correlation for Saturated and Subcooled Flow Boiling in Tube and Annuli
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
0017-9310,
34
, pp.
2759
2766
.
5.
Kandlikar
,
S. G.
, 1990, “
A General Correlation for Saturated Two-phase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal and Vertical Tubes
,”
ASME J. Heat Transfer
0022-1481,
112
, pp.
219
228
.
6.
Steiner
,
D.
, and
Taborek
,
J.
, 1992, “
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Vertical Tubes Correlated by an Asymptotic Model
,”
Heat Transfer Eng.
0145-7632,
13
, pp.
43
69
.
7.
McAdams
,
W. H.
, 1942,
Heat Transmission
, 2nd ed.,
McGraw-Hill
, New York.
8.
Thome
,
J. R.
,
Dupont
,
V.
, and
Jacobi
,
A. M.
, 2004, “
Heat Transfer Model for Evaporation in Microchannel. I. Presentation of the Model
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
0017-9310,
47
, pp.
3375
3385
.
9.
Lee
,
H. J.
, and
Lee
,
S. Y.
, 2001, “
Heat Transfer Correlation for Boiling Flows in Small Rectangular Horizontal Channels with Low Aspect Ratios
,”
Int. J. Multiphase Flow
0301-9322,
27
, pp.
2043
2062
.
10.
Sumith
,
B.
,
Kaminaga
,
F.
, and
Matsumura
,
K.
, 2003, “
Saturated Flow Boiling of Water in a Vertical Small Diameter Tube
,”
Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
0894-1777,
27
, pp.
789
801
.
11.
Qu
,
W.
, and
Mudawar
,
I.
, 2003, “
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Two-phase Micro-Channel Heat Sinks—-I. Experimental Investigation and Assessment of Correlation Methods
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
0017-9310,
46
, pp.
2755
2771
.
12.
Wambsganss
,
M. W.
,
France
,
D. M.
,
Jendrzejczyk
,
J. A.
, and
Tran
T. N.
, 1993, “
Boiling Heat Transfer in a Horizontal Small-diameter Tube
,”
J. Heat Transfer
0022-1481,
115
, pp.
963
972
.
13.
Tran
,
T. N.
,
Wambsganss
,
M. W.
,
France
,
D. M.
, and
Jendrzejczyk
,
J. A.
, 1993, “
Boiling Heat Transfer in a Small, Horizontal, Rectangular Channel
,”
AIChE Symp. Ser.
0065-8812,
89
, pp.
253
261
.
14.
Tran
,
T. N.
,
Wambsganss
,
M. W.
, and
France
,
D. M.
, 1996, “
Small Circular- and Rectangular-Channel Boiling with Two Refrigerants
,”
Int. J. Multiphase Flow
0301-9322,
22
, pp.
485
498
.
15.
Yu
,
W.
,
France
,
D. M.
,
Wambsganss
,
M. W.
, and
Hull
,
J. R.
, 2002, “
Two-phase Pressure Drop, Boiling Heat Transfer, and Critical Heat Flux to Water in a Small-diameter Horizontal Tube
,”
Int. J. Multiphase Flow
0301-9322,
28
, pp.
927
941
.
16.
Bao
,
Z. Y.
,
Fletcher
,
D. F.
, and
Haynes
,
B. S.
, 2000, “
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of Freon R11 and HCFC123 in Narrow Passages
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
0017-9310,
43
, pp.
3347
3358
.
17.
Rohsenow
,
W. M.
, 1952, “
A Method of Correlating Heat Transfer Data for Surface Boiling of Liquids
,”
ASME Trans. J. Appl. Mech.
0021-8936
74
, pp.
969
976
.
18.
Qu
,
W.
, and
Mudawar
,
I.
, 2003, “
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Two-phase Micro-Channel Heat Sinks—-II. Annular Two-phase Flow Model
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
0017-9310,
46
, pp.
2773
2784
.
19.
Hewitt
,
G. F.
, and
Hall-Taylor
,
N.
, 1970,
Annular Two-phase Flow
,
Pergamon
, New York.
20.
Forster
,
H. K.
, and
Zuber
,
N.
, 1955, “
Dynamics of Vapor Bubbles and Boiling Heat Transfer
,”
AIChE J.
0001-1541
1
, pp.
531
535
.
21.
Cooper
,
M. G.
, 1984, “
Heat Flow Rates in Saturated Nucleate Pool BoilingA Wide-Ranging Correlation Using Reduced Properties
,”
Adv. Heat Transfer
0065-2717,
16
, pp.
158
239
.
22.
Lockhart
,
R. W.
, and
Martinelli
,
R. C.
, 1949, “
Proposed Correlation of Data for Isothermal Two-Phase Two-Component Flow in Pipes
,”
Chem. Eng. Prog.
0360-7275,
45
, pp.
39
48
.
23.
Chisholm
,
D.
, 1967, “
A Theoretical Basis for the Lockhart-Martinelli Correlation for Two-Phase Flow
,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
0017-9310,
10
, pp.
1767
1778
.
24.
Hartnett
,
J. P.
, and
Kostic
,
M.
, 1989, “
Heat Transfer to Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluid in Rectangular Ducts
,”
Adv. Heat Transfer
0065-2717,
19
, pp.
247
356
.
25.
Kureta
,
M.
,
Kobayashi
,
T.
,
Mishima
,
K.
, and
Nishihara
,
H.
, 1998, “
Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer for Flow-Boiling of Water in Small-Diameter Tubes
,”
JSME Int. J., Ser. B
1340-8054,
41
, pp.
871
879
.
26.
Bergles
,
A. E.
,
Collier
,
J. G.
,
Delhaye
,
J. M.
,
Hewitt
,
G. F.
, and
Mayinger
,
F.
, 1981,
Two-phase Flow and Heat Transfer in the Power and Process Industries
,
Hemisphere
, New York, Chap. 8.
27.
Schrock
,
V. E.
, and
Grossman
,
L. M.
, 1957, “
Local Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop in Forced Convection Boiling
,” UCRL-13062,
University of California
, Berkeley.
28.
Dengler
,
C. E.
, and
Addoms
,
J. N.
, 1952, “
Heat Transfer Mechanism for Vaporization of Water in a Vertical Tube
,”
Chem. Eng. Prog., Symp. Ser.
0069-2948
52
, pp.
95
103
.
You do not currently have access to this content.