Fig. 1 ( a ) and ( b ) The geometry and flow domain of the virtual impactor in AJP. Careful consideration of these elements is essential for optimizing the aerodynamic behavior, as the precise configuration of the VI directly affects particle separation, flow stability, and deposition accuracy in ... More about this image found in ( a ) and ( b ) The geometry and flow domain of the virtual impactor in AJP...

Fig. 2 Velocity contour analysis of the virtual impactor, which reveals a clear flow bifurcation, where the fluid stream splits into distinct paths (in the left chamber). This bifurcation significantly impacts the flow dynamics, influencing particle separation and deposition efficiency. (Color ver... More about this image found in Velocity contour analysis of the virtual impactor, which reveals a clear fl...

Fig. 3 Velocity streamline analysis of the virtual impactor, which highlights the presence of flow circulation within the left chamber. Such circulating flow patterns play a pivotal role in influencing particle trajectories and separation efficiency. More about this image found in Velocity streamline analysis of the virtual impactor, which highlights the ...

Fig. 4 Velocity streamline analysis of the VI, demonstrating the distinct pathways of particles as they traverse through the VI. The streamlined patterns reveal how particle trajectories are influenced by flow dynamics, with particles either being directed into the collector tube or diverted into ... More about this image found in Velocity streamline analysis of the VI, demonstrating the distinct pathways...

Fig. 5 Pressure contour analysis of the virtual impactor, revealing a high-pressure region concentrated in the stem, with moderate pressure observed in the collector tube, and a gradual pressure decrease throughout the remaining flow domain. These pressure differentials play a key role in driving ... More about this image found in Pressure contour analysis of the virtual impactor, revealing a high-pressur...

Fig. 6 ( a ) Turbulence kinetic energy contour analysis of the virtual impactor, which highlights turbulence intensity between the impactor and collector nozzles and ( b ) turbulence eddy dissipation contour analysis, which depicts noticeable dissipation rate at the top and bottom of the impactor'... More about this image found in ( a ) Turbulence kinetic energy contour analysis of the virtual impactor, w...

Fig. 7 Velocity contour analysis for the impactor diameter to collector diameter ratio (IDtCDR) design parameter: ( a ) IDtCDR: 0.5000, ( b ) IDtCDR: 0.8421 (design default), ( c ) IDtCDR: 1.0, and ( d ) IDtCDR: 2.0. As the IDtCDR increases, a more pronounced flow bifurcation is observed within th... More about this image found in Velocity contour analysis for the impactor diameter to collector diameter r...

Fig. 8 Velocity contour analysis for the number of aerodynamic transport channels (ATC) design parameter, showing the impact of varying the number of channels on fluid flow dynamics within the virtual impactor: ( a ) ATC: 4, ( b ) ATC: 6, ( c ) ATC: 8 (design default), and ( d ) ATC: 16 More about this image found in Velocity contour analysis for the number of aerodynamic transport channels ...

Fig. 9 Velocity contour analysis for the aerodynamic transport channel diameter (ATCD) design parameter. ( a ) ATCD: 0.00102 m, ( b ) ATCD: 0.00157 m (design default), ( c ) ATCD: 0.00203 m, and ( d ) ATCD: 0.00254 m. Variations in channel diameter lead to noticeable changes in velocity distributi... More about this image found in Velocity contour analysis for the aerodynamic transport channel diameter (A...

Fig. 10 Velocity contour analysis for the impactor length (IL) design parameter, influencing momentum transfer strength within the virtual impactor: ( a ) IL: 0.00022 m, ( b ) IL: 0.00056 m, ( c ) IL: 0.00112 m, ( d ) IL: 0.00168 m, ( e ) IL: 0.00224 m (design default), and ( f ) IL: 0.00336 m More about this image found in Velocity contour analysis for the impactor length (IL) design parameter, in...

Fig. 11 Velocity contour analysis for the CL design parameter, affecting flow separation resistance within the virtual impactor. ( a ) CL: 0.00060 m, ( b ) CL: 0.00151 m, ( c ) CL: 0.00303 m, ( d ) CL: 0.00454 m, ( e ) CL: 0.00606 m (design default), and ( f ) CL: 0.00696 m. Alterations in collect... More about this image found in Velocity contour analysis for the CL design parameter, affecting flow separ...

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of experimental setup More about this image found in Schematic diagram of experimental setup

Fig. 2 Experimental setup with a high-speed camera More about this image found in Experimental setup with a high-speed camera

Fig. 3 SEM images of the entrance and exit of the holes drilled with and without an assist gas: ( a 1) at the entrance, without assist gas; ( a 2) at the exit, without assist gas; ( b 1) at the entrance, with assist gas; and ( b 2) at the exit, with assist gas More about this image found in SEM images of the entrance and exit of the holes drilled with and without a...

Fig. 4 High-speed camera images of the process with time More about this image found in High-speed camera images of the process with time