... a , for an axial through-wall cracked cylinder under internal pressure ( ρ 1 / ρ 2  ≥ 1) ρ 1 / ρ 2 R m / t ρ 1 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.000 1.012 1.012 1.018 1.018 1.0 1.000 1.051 1.150 1.245 1.312 2.0 1.000 1.065 1.217 1.713 2.023 3.0 1.000 1.073...

... tension, global bending moment, internal pressure, combined tension and bending, and combined internal pressure and bending are considered for circumferential through-wall cracked pipes, while only internal pressure is considered for axial through-wall cracked pipes. In particular, more emphasis is given...