Fig. 1 Snapshots of simulating procedure. ( a ) The system consisted of a rigid indenter and a deformable substrate with a body-centred-cubic W (1 0 0) surface. The detailed geometry of the substrate was 127 × 10 × 32 nm in the x -, y -, and z -axis, respectively. The radius at upper and lower ... More

Fig. 2 The measurement methods of wear volume: ( a ) the displaced-based volume and ( b ) the damaged volume. Atoms above the surface in pictures represent displaced volume ( a ) and atoms around the indenter (whose deformation gradient is in the XY-plane bigger than 0.3) represent the plastically... More

Fig. 3 Archard-type wear relationship at different scratching depths: the displaced volume (( a ) and ( b )) with the scratching depths of 0.5 nm and 3 nm, respectively. Reye-type wear relationship at different scratching depths: the displaced volume (( c ) and ( d )) with the scratching depths of... More

Fig. 4 Variations of the wear coefficient ( K a ) obtained by Archard’s law and the wear coefficient ( K r ) obtained by Reye’s law with ( a ) the increase of the adhesive strength between the indenter and the substrate at different scratching depths and ( b ) the increase of the scratching ... More

Fig. 5 The summary of the total dislocation length during the scratching with scratching depths of ( a ) 0 nm, ( b ) 0.5 nm, ( c ) 3 nm, and ( d )–( f ) the corresponding snapshots with the adhesive strength of 0.4 More

Fig. 6 ( a ) The comparison of wear volumes (i.e., deformed volume and displaced volume) obtained from scratching simulations with the substrate thickness of 9 nm (blue), 12 nm (gray), and 15 nm (red), where the scratching depth is 3 nm and the adhesive strength is 1.0 and ( b ) the corresponding ... More

Fig. 1 Geometry of conical hybrid floating ring bearing with deep/shallow pockets More

Fig. 2 Schematic of boundary conditions More

Fig. 3 Rigid single-mass conical FRB-rotor system More

Fig. 4 Flowchart of the calculation procedure More

Fig. 5 Pressure distribution ε 2 = 0.35: ( a ) inner film, n 1 = 16,000 rpm, ( b ) outer film n 1 = 16,000 rpm, ( c ) inner film, n 1 = 30,000 rpm, and ( d ) outer film, n 1 = 30,000 rpm More

Fig. 6 Temperature distribution ɛ 2 = 0.35: ( a ) inner film, n 1 = 16,000 rpm, ( b ) outer film n 1 = 16,000 rpm, ( c ) inner film, n 1 = 30,000 rpm, and ( d ) outer film, n 1 = 30,000 rpm More

Fig. 7 Dimensionless load carrying capacity: ( a ) inner film radial load capacity and ( b ) outer film axial load capacity More

Fig. 8 Dimensionless friction power loss: ( a ) inner film and ( b ) outer film More

Fig. 9 Dimensionless bearing side leakage flow: ( a ) inner film and ( b ) outer film More

Fig. 10 The inner film dynamic coefficients: ( a ) inner film direct stiffness k ¯ x x 1 , ( b ) inner film crossed stiffness k ¯ x y 1 , ( c ) inner film direct stiffness k ¯ z z 1 , ( d ) inner film direct damping b ¯ y y 1 , ( ... More

Fig. 11 The outer film dynamic coefficients: ( a ) outer film direct stiffness k ¯ y y 2 , ( b ) outer film crossed stiffness k ¯ y x 2 , ( c ) outer film crossed stiffness k ¯ z x 2 , ( d ) outer film direct damping b ¯ x x 2 , (... More

Fig. 12 Instability threshold rotary speed of the conical FRB-rotor system More